The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is an example of collective science where no single individual understands all the necessary specialized fields in depth, such as detector...

Chess experts have noted that Magnus Carlsen's game changed radically after public analyses of AlphaZero's strategies were released, suggesting he adopted techniques from the AI.

Experiments conducted around 1940 measuring the decay rates of muons from cosmic rays provided strong empirical evidence for time dilation as predicted by special relativity.

The theoretical foundations of computer science were established in the 1930s by figures like Alan Turing and Alonzo Church, effectively providing a 'theory of everything' for computation.

Albert Einstein stated later in his life that he was not certain whether he was aware of the Michelson-Morley experiment at the time he developed the special theory of relativity.

The success of the AI model AlphaFold was heavily dependent on the Protein Data Bank, which contains approximately 180,000 protein structures gathered over decades at a cost of several billion dollars...

According to a paper by Nicholas Bloom et al., maintaining the 40% annual increase in transistor density of Moore's Law required the number of researchers in the semiconductor industry to grow by 9% p...

The geological concept of 'deep time,' popularized by Charles Lyell in the 1830s, was a crucial prerequisite for Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as it provided the necessary timescale for gradual...

David Deutsch's 1985 paper is considered a foundational work in quantum computing, outlining many of the field's fundamental concepts.

Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation provided a unified explanation for seemingly disconnected phenomena, including Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the parabolic motion of objects on Earth, and the...

The Michelson-Morley experiment found no evidence of an 'ether wind,' a result which ruled out some theories of the ether but was not considered by contemporaries to disprove the ether's existence ent...

Albert Michelson, one of the creators of the Michelson-Morley experiment, continued to believe in the existence of the ether until his death in the late 1920s.

The 'Pioneer anomaly,' an observed deviation in the trajectory of the Pioneer spacecraft, is now accepted to be caused by a slight asymmetry in the spacecraft's thermal radiation causing a tiny accele...

The existence of the planet Neptune was successfully predicted based on observed perturbations in the orbit of Uranus, which was considered a major success for Newtonian gravity.

David Deutsch's thesis posits that a universal quantum Turing machine should be capable of efficiently simulating any physical system.