Philosopher Hillary Putnam applied the "no miracles" argument, a defense of scientific realism, to mathematics as a justification for mathematical Platonism.

The term 'evolutionary psychology' was introduced to replace the earlier term 'sociobiology,' which was coined by E.O. Wilson in 1975 and had generated significant scientific and social backlash.

According to Max Tegmark's mathematical universe hypothesis, a multiverse exists as a necessary consequence of every possible mathematical structure being physically instantiated.