If European productivity had kept pace with the United States, the region's potential output today would be approximately €3 trillion higher.

Simona Della Chiai argues that the primary barrier to European innovation is the failure to scale ideas due to fragmented markets, limited access to capital, and regulatory complexity.

Simona Della Chiai warns that if Europe falls behind in adopting and adapting to artificial intelligence, its productivity gap with the United States could widen even further.