Philip Goff observes a trend where researchers like Matthias Michel, Tom McClelland, and Eric Schwitzgebel are increasingly concluding that the scientific problem of identifying which things are conscious and whether consciousness is computational or biological is becoming less tractable.

Philip Goff hypothesizes that the evolution of consciousness can only be explained if it involves "strong emergence," where consciousness creates new causal behaviors not predictable from underlying chemistry and physics, thus providing a distinct survival advantage.

Philip Goff predicts that within 10 years, there will be robots that can behave and converse like humans, though they may not be conscious.